Throughout its history, the costume of ballet has influenced and been influenced by fashion. Dance specific clothing used in productions and during practice, such as pointe shes, ballerina skirt, legwarmers, and leotards have been elements of fashion trends. Ballet costume itself has adapted aesthetically over the years, incorporating contemporary fashion trends while also updating fabrics and materials to allow for greater freedom of movement for the dancers. The classic ballerina costume with a tutu and pointe shoes debuted in the 1830s. Ballet costume is marked by the innovation in lightweight materials such as tulle, chiffon, and organza.
In the early 20th century, productions by the Russian ballet company Dnce Russes had a large influence on fashion design in Paris. Designers incorporated danceinspired themes in their creations. Designers that have been influenced by dance include Christian Dior, Elsa Schiaparelli, Paul Poiret, Coco Chanel, Jacques Fath, Jeanne Lanvin, Madeleine Vionnet, Molly Goddard, and Simone Rocha.
History of Ballet
17th and 18th centuries
Ballet costume originated in the 17th–century royal courts of Italy and France, including that of Louis XIV. Early costume designs in the productions were based on court dress, though more extravagant.[1] All of the performers in early ballets were men, with boys performing the female roles en travesti. In the 18th century, as show became professionalized and moved from the courts to the theaters, women joined the ranks of dancers.[2] Traditionally, dancers wore heeled shoes,[3] until the 1730s, when Paris Opera Ballet dancer Marie Camargo was one of the first to wear ballet slippers instead.[4] She also wore midcalf–length skirts and close–fitting drawers.[3]
Until the late 18th century, lead dancers in a ballet company often wore masks.[5] The practice was abandoned after dancemaster Jean-Georges Noverre[3] and choreographer Maximilien Gardel dispensed with them, seeing how they impeded the dancers‘ movements and the ability to see their facial expressions. Similarly, cumbersome hairstyles and wigs that were not conducive to ballet movements were largely excluded from the stage.[6]
19th century
Ballet costume has an essential role in facilitating the movements of dancers while “maintaining the integrity of the line of the body“. Technical and visual problems with ballet costume are avoided through the creation of well–designed and proportioned clothing. Ballet costume has evolved alongside choreography to allow for the display of musculature.[6]
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the industrialisation of cotton manufacturing led to the widespread availability of cheap cotton fabrics such as tulle, muslin, tarlatan, and gauze. Ballet companies were able to produce new costumes for each production.[7]
Ballet costume during the early 19th century mirrored the women‘s fashions of the era. Ballet appropriated high fashion elements, including full sleeves, revealing decolletage, fitted waist, bell–shaped skirts, and more diaphanous fabrics. Adaptations such as lighter fabrics and raised hemlines allowed dancers greater freedom of movement and the audience to appreciate the dancer‘s footwork. As clothing became less restricted, the natural silhouette was emphasized.[8]

Pointe shoes were invented around 1820[9] and the archetypal look of the romantic ballerina was provided by Maria Taglioni in the 1832 ballet La Sylphide. Her fitted décolleté bodice, diaphanous calf–length tulle skirt,[10] and satin pointe shoes laced around the calf provided the template for the ballerina costume. Her ballerina skirt was a shortened version of the 1830s fashion gown.[8] She was the first ballerina to dance a full–length ballet en pointe, and became very popular with images of her widely published. Following her fame, luxury fabrics and corsets were produced bearing the names Taglioni or La Sylphide.[11] [12]
As ballet emerged as entertainment for aristocrats, the dancer became principally a woman‘s profession and the reputation of ballerinas declined in the later 19th century. The feminization of was due in part to a larger male audience.[12] Ballerinas were frequently poor, marginalized members of society, regarded more as workers than artists. They were often subject to the attention of lascivious men, sexually commodified, and sometimes forced into prostitution.[13]
Styles of ballet costume were influenced by the popularity of romantic narratives of regional and supernatural folklore, such as the sylph motif.[12] Towards the end of the 19th century, the classical tutu was codified in St. Petersburg during the era of master Marius Petipa.[10] During this time, the tutu was shortened and the boxes of pointe shoes were reinforced.[7]


